Introduction and Structure of Transformers

Introduction and Structure of Transformers

Transformers, as essential components in power systems and electronic circuits, can be classified into various types based on their application, structural design, operational characteristics, and cooling methods.

Classification of Transformers:

1.  By Application:

       Power Transformers

       Special-Purpose Transformers (e.g., furnace transformers, rectifier transformers, testing transformers, voltage regulators, mining transformers, audio transformers, medium/high-frequency transformers, impulse transformers, instrument transformers, electronic transformers, reactors, and converters)

2.  By Structure (Winding Configuration):

       Two-Winding Transformers

       Three-Winding Transformers

       Multi-Winding Transformers

       Auto-transformers

3.  By Insulation and Cooling Medium:

       Oil-Immersed Transformers

       Dry-Type Transformers

4.  By Cooling Method:

       Natural Air Cooling (AN)

       Forced Air Cooling (AF)

       Water Cooling

       Forced Oil Circulation with Air or Water Cooling (OFAF/OFWF)

       Oil-Directed Water Cooling (ODWF)

5.  By Core or Coil Construction:

       Core-Type Transformers (with laminated, C-core, or ferrite cores)

       Shell-Type Transformers (with laminated, C-core, or ferrite cores)

       Toroidal (Ring) Transformers

       Foil-Wound Transformers

       Radially Stacked Transformers

6.  By Power Supply Phase:

       Single-Phase Transformers

       Three-Phase Transformers

       Multi-Phase Transformers

7.  By Conductor Material:

       Copper-Wound Transformers

       Aluminum-Wound Transformers

       Hybrid Copper-Aluminum Transformers

       Superconducting Transformers

8.  By Voltage Regulation Method:

       Off-Circuit Tap Changing (No-Load) Transformers

       On-Load Tap Changing (OLTC) Transformers

9.  By Neutral Insulation Level:

       Fully Insulated Transformers

       Reduced (Graded) Insulation Transformers

Structure of a Transformer

The core and windings are the fundamental components of a transformer, forming its active part or "body."

Typical Constructions:

1.  Three-Phase Oil-Immersed Power Transformer:

       Core: Made of laminated silicon steel sheets to minimize eddy current losses.

       Windings: Concentric cylindrical coils (LV winding placed near the core, HV winding outside), insulated with paper and immersed in insulating oil.

       Tank: A sealed steel tank filled with insulating oil for cooling and insulation.

       Cooling System: Includes radiators, cooling fans, or pumps for forced oil circulation.

       Accessories: Bushings, conservator tank, breather, Buchholz relay, and tap changer.

2.  Three-Phase Epoxy Resin Cast Dry-Type Transformer:

       Core: Similar laminated silicon steel core.

       Windings: Encapsulated in solid epoxy resin under vacuum, providing high mechanical strength, moisture resistance, and flame retardancy.

       Enclosure: Mounted in a ventilated or sealed IP-protected enclosure, suitable for indoor or challenging environments.

       Cooling: Natural or forced air cooling without insulating oil, making it environmentally friendly and low-maintenance.

       Features: High safety, minimal fire hazard, and suitability for places with strict fire safety regulations.
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